Embedded Files
Annotation of Alma 51 – preliminary
Alma 51 is a good example because it shows that a high percentage of its language is also KJV language. Few of the KJV words/phrases are not also found in Edwards, including the so-called "blended" passages.
The blue Book of Mormon words/phrases in the annotation are nonbiblical and also not found in Edwards. In some cases noted below, the nonbiblical language is close to Edwards (e.g., plural instead of singular). There are several examples in the Book of Mormon of paraphrased or misquoted passages from the KJV that are identical to paraphrased or misquoted KJV passages in Edwards' works.
The red words/phrases are nonbiblical Book of Mormon wording that are also found in Edwards' works as available on the Yale database, which includes most but not all of the 1808 edition, as well as material not included in the 1808 edition.
Purple are nonbiblical Book of Mormon words/phrases similar to Edwards.
Naturally, Edwards is not the only person who ever used this nonbiblical Book of Mormon terminology. English is a common language or we couldn't understand one another. But the ready availability of Edwards' works in Palmyra during Joseph's youth indicates that Edwards was a possible source for Joseph's vocabulary that he used when translating the plates.
Bold = KJV
Blue = nonbiblical BofM/D&C/PGP w/o JE
Red = nonbiblical BofM/D&C/PGP and JE
Purple = nonbiblical BofM/D&C/PGP similar to JE
Chapter 51
The king-men seek to change the law and set up a king—Pahoran and the freemen are supported by the voice of the people—Moroni compels the king-men to defend their country or be put to death—Amalickiah and the Lamanites capture many fortified cities—Teancum repels the Lamanite invasion and slays Amalickiah in his tent. About 67–66 B.C.
1 And now it came to pass in the commencement[1] of the twenty and fifth year of the reign of the judges over the people of Nephi, they having established peace[2] between the people of Lehi and the people of Morianton concerning their lands[3], and having commenced[4] the twenty and fifth year in peace;
2 Nevertheless, they did not long[5] maintain[6] an entire peace[7] in the land, for there began to be[8] a contention[9] among the people[10] concerning the chief judge[11] Pahoran; for behold, there were a part of the people[12] who desired that a few particular points[13] of the law[14] should be altered[15].
3 But behold, Pahoran would not alter[16] nor suffer[17] the law to be altered; therefore, he did not hearken to those who had sent in[18] their voices with their petitions[19] concerning the altering[20] of the law.
4 Therefore, those who were desirous[21] that the law should be altered were angry with[22] him, and desired that he should no longer be chief judge over the land; therefore there arose a warm dispute[23] concerning the matter, but not unto bloodshed.
5 And it came to pass that those who were desirous that Pahoran should be dethroned[24] from the judgment-seat were called king-men, for they were desirous that the law should be altered in a manner to overthrow[25] the free government[26] and to establish a king[27] over the land[28].
6 And those who were desirous that Pahoran should remain chief judge over the land took upon them the name of freemen[29]; and thus was the division[30] among[31] them, for the freemen had sworn or covenanted[32] to maintain their rights[33] and the privileges[34] of their religion by a free government[35].
7 And it came to pass that this matter of their contention was settled by[36] the voice of the people[37]. And it came to pass that the voice of the people came in favor of [38]the freemen, and Pahoran retained the judgment-seat, which caused much rejoicing[39] among the brethren of Pahoran and also many of the people of liberty[40], who also put the king-men to silence, that they durst not[41] oppose but were obliged to[42] maintain the cause of freedom[43].
8 Now those who were in favor of kings were those of high birth[44], and they sought to be kings; and they were supported by[45] those who sought power[46] and authority[47] over the people[48].
9 But behold, this was a critical time[49] for such contentions[50] to be among the people of Nephi; for behold, Amalickiah had again stirred up[51] the hearts of the people[52] of the Lamanites against the people of the Nephites, and he was gathering together[53] soldiers from all parts[54] of his land, and arming them, and preparing for war with all diligence[55]; for he had sworn to drink the blood of Moroni.
10 But behold, we shall see that his promise which he made was rash[56]; nevertheless, he did prepare himself and his armies to come to battle against the Nephites.
11 Now his armies were not so great as they had hitherto been, because of the many thousands[57] who had been slain by the hand of the Nephites; but notwithstanding their great loss[58], Amalickiah had gathered together a wonderfully great[59] army, insomuch that he feared not to come down to the land of Zarahemla.
12 Yea, even Amalickiah did himself come down, at the head of the Lamanites. And it was in the twenty and fifth year of the reign of the judges; and it was at the same time that they had begun to settle the affairs[60] of their contentions concerning the chief judge, Pahoran.
13 And it came to pass that when the men who were called king-men had heard that the Lamanites were coming down to battle against them, they were glad in[61] their hearts; and they refused to take up arms, for they were so wroth[62] with the chief judge, and also with the people of liberty, that they would not take up arms to defend their country.
14 And it came to pass that when Moroni saw this, and also saw that the Lamanites were coming into the borders of the land, he was exceedingly wroth because of the stubbornness[63] of those people whom he had labored with so much diligence to preserve; yea, he was exceedingly wroth; his soul was filled with anger[64] against them.
15 And it came to pass that he sent a petition[65], with the voice of the people, unto the governor of the land, desiring that he should read it, and give him (Moroni) power to compel[66] those dissenters[67] to defend their country or to put them to death.
16 For it was his first care[68] to put an end to such contentions and dissensions[69] among the people; for behold, this had been hitherto a cause of all their destruction[70]. And it came to pass that it was granted[71] according to the voice of the people.
17 And it came to pass that Moroni commanded that his army should go against those king-men, to pull down[72] their pride and their nobility[73] and level them[74] with the earth, or they should take up arms[75] and support the cause of liberty[76].
18 And it came to pass that the armies did march forth against them; and they did pull down their pride and their nobility, insomuch that as they did lift their weapons of war[77] to fight against the men of Moroni they were hewn down[78] and leveled[79] to the earth.
19 And it came to pass that there were four thousand of those dissenters who were hewn down by the sword; and those of their leaders who were not slain in battle were taken and cast into prison, for there was no time for their trials[80] at this period[81].
20 And the remainder of those dissenters, rather than be smitten down[82] to the earth by the sword, yielded to the standard of liberty[83], and were compelled[84] to hoist[85] the title of liberty[86] upon their towers, and in their cities, and to take up arms in defence of their country.
21 And thus Moroni put an end to those king-men, that there were not any known by the appellation[87] of king-men; and thus he put an end to the stubbornness and the pride[88] of those people who professed the blood of nobility; but they were brought down to humble themselves[89] like unto their brethren, and to fight valiantly[90] for their freedom from bondage[91].
22 Behold, it came to pass that while Moroni was thus breaking down[92] the wars and[93] contentions among his own people, and subjecting them[94] to peace and civilization[95], and making regulations[96] to prepare for[97] war[98] against the Lamanites, behold, the Lamanites had come into the land of Moroni, which was in the borders by the seashore[99].
23 And it came to pass that the Nephites were not sufficiently[100] strong[101] in the city of Moroni; therefore Amalickiah did drive them, slaying many. And it came to pass that Amalickiah took possession of the city, yea, possession of all their fortifications.
24 And those who fled out of the city of Moroni came to the city of Nephihah; and also the people of the city of Lehi gathered themselves[102] together, and made preparations[103] and were ready to receive the Lamanites to battle.
25 But it came to pass that Amalickiah would not suffer the Lamanites to go against the city of Nephihah to battle, but kept them down by the seashore, leaving men in every city to maintain[104] and defend[105] it.
26 And thus he went on, taking possession[106] of many cities, the city of Nephihah, and the city of Lehi, and the city of Morianton, and the city of Omner, and the city of Gid, and the city of Mulek, all of which were on the east borders by the seashore.
27 And thus had the Lamanites obtained, by the cunning[107] of Amalickiah, so many cities, by their numberless[108] hosts, all of which were strongly fortified[109] after the manner of the fortifications of Moroni; all of which afforded[110] strongholds[111] for the Lamanites.
28 And it came to pass that they marched to the borders of the land Bountiful, driving[112] the Nephites before them and slaying many.
29 But it came to pass that they were met by Teancum, who had slain Morianton and had headed[113] his people in his flight.
30 And it came to pass that he headed Amalickiah also, as he was marching forth with his numerous army[114] that he might take possession[115] of the land Bountiful, and also the land northward.
31 But behold he met with a disappointment[116] by being repulsed[117] by Teancum and his men, for they were great warriors[118]; for every man of Teancum did exceed the Lamanites in their strength and in their skill of war[119], insomuch that they did gain advantage[120] over the Lamanites.
32 And it came to pass that they did harass[121] them, insomuch that they did slay them even until it was dark. And it came to pass that Teancum and his men did pitch[122] their tents in the borders of the land Bountiful; and Amalickiah did pitch his tents in the borders on the beach by the seashore, and after this manner were they driven.
33 And it came to pass that when the night had come, Teancum and his servant stole[123] forth and went out by night, and went into the camp of Amalickiah; and behold, sleep had overpowered[124] them because of their much fatigue[125], which was caused by the labors and heat of the day[126].
34 And it came to pass that Teancum stole privily[127] into the tent of the king, and put a javelin[128] to his heart; and he did cause the death[129] of the king immediately that he did not awake his servants.
35 And he returned again privily to his own camp, and behold, his men were asleep, and he awoke[130] them and told them all the things that he had done.
36 And he caused that his armies should stand in readiness[131], lest the Lamanites had awakened and should come upon them.
37 And thus endeth the twenty and fifth year of the reign of the judges over the people of Nephi; and thus endeth the days of Amalickiah.
(Alma 51–51:37)
[1] BM (32) DC (1) PGP (1) JE (50) JE (1808) : “The commencement of the glorious times of the church on earth after the fall of Antichrist, is represented as the marriage of the lamb”
[2] BM (3) JE (2)
[3] BM (1) JE (1) JE (Brainerd) “This alteration was occasioned by two things, viz., 1. Information that the Correspondents had received of some contention now subsisting between the white people and the Indians at Delaware, concerning their lands , which they supposed would be a hindrance at present to their entertainment of a missionary and to his success among them.”
[4] BM (14) DC (3) PGP (5) JE (15)
[5] “long maintain” BM (1)
[6] OT (8) NT (2) BM (35) JE (100s)
[7] BM (1) JE (2) JE: “should do our utmost to what belongs to us that there may be an Entire Peace and union again”
[8] OT (5) NT (8) BM (101) PGP (1) JE (
[9] OT (6) NT (3) BM (34) DC (3) JE (
[10] OT (39) NT (11) BM (102) DC (4) PGP (5) JE (
[11] BM (44)
[12] OT (2) BM (15) JE (12)
[13] BM (1) JE (1) “particular point” JE (4) JE: « yet if I take this particular point for granted, and then make use of it to prove itself, 'tis begging the question”
[14] “points of the law” BM (1) JE (1) JE: “they either became unable to keep exactly to the points of the law in the execution of their office”
[15] BM (4) DC (1) JE (30) JE: “Tis very manifest that if the state and circumstances of God's people were so altered that the institutions of Mosaic law did not agree thereto, but it was necessary that they should be altered to accommodate their circumstance, this was a proper occasion for setting aside those laws” “David gave 'em new ordinances, and appointed them new work, which shows that the ceremonial law was alterable. If it may be altered in part, it may be altered in the whole.”
[16] OT (4) BM (1) DC (1) JE (100+)
[17] OT (2) BM (1) JE (
[18] OT (2) BM (1) JE (
[19] OT (1) NT (1) BM (1) DC (2) JE (60)
[20] BM (1) JE (1) “will avail any thing for the Altering Your station”
[21] OT (1) NT (5) BM (63) DC (1) JE (100+)
[22] OT (15) NT (1) BM (49) DC (3) PGP (2) JE (200)
[23] BM (1)
[24] BM (1) JE (8) JE : « Sin is a woeful confusion and dreadful disorder in the soul, whereby everything is put out of place, reason trampled under foot and passion advanced in the room of it, conscience dethroned and abominable lusts reigning.“
[25] OT (16) NT (3) BM (16) DC (4) JE (300)
[26] BM (3)
[27] BM (3)
[28] OT (11) BM (13) JE (20)
[29] BM (7) JE (1) JE: “the servants of God have the liberty to profit themselves just as much as they please. They are not slaves that are forced to labor only for the advantage of others, but they are the Lord's freemen .” NOTE: “free men” DC (1) JE (5) 2 in 1808.
[30] OT (3) NT (4) BM (5) PGP (1) JE (200)
[31] NT (2) BM (5) JE (2)
[32] OT (2) NT (2) BM (20) DC (4) PGP (3) JE (20)
[33] BM (3) JE: “maintain the rights” “maintain his own rights” “maintain the rights of his own creatures” “maintain the rights of mankind”
[34] “rights and the privileges” BM (2) “rights and privileges” BM (3) DC (1) JE (8)
[35] BM (3)
[36] BM (1) DC (1) JE (20)
[37] OT (1) BM (24) DC (1)
[38] BM (5) JE (90)
[39] BM (1) JE (1)
[40] BM (2)
[41] OT (1) NT (3) BM (32) JE (70)
[42] BM (7) DC (1) JE (100s) JE : « while I am able to carry on the work of the ministry, without the people's being obliged to maintain an assistant or successor in the pulpit”
[43] BM (3)
[44] BM (1) JE (2) JE: “nor is there any appearance of his aggravating his sin, by its being unworthy of his high birth”
[45] BM (3) JE (50)
[46] BM (4)
[47] “power and authority” NT (2) BM (23) DC (6) PGP (1) JE (20)
[48] OT (8) BM (65) JE (2)
[49] BM (1) JE (1) JE: “I was especially loth to leave 'em destitute at this critical time”
[50] OT (4) NT (2) BM (54) DC (2) JE (100)
[51] OT (11) NT (5) BM (13) DC (2) JE (90)
[52] OT (1) BM (22) DC (4) JE (5)
[53] OT (1) NT (1) BM (2) DC (4) PGP (2) JE (30) JE : « For the gathering together of the armies on both sides”
[54] BM (1) JE (35) JE : « when they came up three times a year, from all parts of the land to serve the Lord”
[55] OT (1) BM (10) JE (25)
[56] OT (2) BM (1) JE (60)
[57] OT (1) NT (1) BM (13) DC (1) JE (100)
[58] BM (6) JE (30) JE: “their backslidings in general may be a great loss to them in that respect, viz., that they shall have much less reward, than if the temptations had been overcome, and they notwithstanding had persevered in spiritual vigor and diligence”
[59] BM (1) JE (3) JE: (1808) “And then does kindness and love appear most triumphant, and wonderfully great , when the receiver is respected in the gift” “the increase of the waters of the sanctuary in Ezek. 47 represented as gradual, yet as wonderfully great and sudden” NOTE: “wonderfully” OT (4) BM (1) JE (100s)
[60] BM (1)
[61] OT (7) BM (2) JE (6) OT: “he will be glad in his heart” (Exodus 4:14)
[62] OT (45) NT (4) BM (24) PGP (4) JE (40)
[63] OT (2) BM (4) JE (15)
[64] BM (1)
[65] OT (13) BM (4) DC (1)
[66] OT (2) NT (3) BM (4) JE (18)
[67] BM (20) JE (80)
[68] BM (1) JE (3) JE: ”Their country may depend upon them. If they are wise and seeing and politic men, they will improve their policy to establish and advance the good of the land, and not to advance themselves and supplant others. The securing of the public peace will be their first care. A spirit of true piety would prevent the prevailing of a spirit of contention which divides a kingdom against itself and therefore tends to its overthrow.”
[69] BM (21) DC (1) JE (5) JE: “Though they are under the greatest obligations to live in peace, above persons in almost any relation whatever; and although contests and dissensions between persons so related, are the most unhappy and terrible in their consequences, on many accounts, of any sort of contentions; yet how frequent have such contentions been?”
[70] OT (5) BM (10) JE (100)
[71] BM (2) JE (2) JE : « yet it was granted to him that before he died he should see them well provided for”
[72] OT (2) NT (1) BM (5) JE (30)
[73] BM (3) JE (5) JE: “it should be constituted of different members of different degrees of nobility and honorableness”
[74] BM (1) JE (1) JE : « death will Level them with the meanest of their neighbours”
[75] BM (17) JE (2) JE: “his thunder shall not sleep towards his Enemies that Rebell against and take up arms”
[76] BM (1) JE (2) JE : « Whether, if it were so, this would at all help the cause of liberty.”
[77] OT (9) BM (46) JE (18)
[78] OT (2) NT (3) BM (21) DC (3) JE (12)
[79] BM (1) JE (20) JE : « they that are in Christ are made low and leveled with the ground in humility”
[80] BM (2) JE (12)
[81] BM (5)
[82] OT (3) BM (2) JE (5)
[83] BM (3) Cf : « On the south side shall be the standard of the camp of Reuben” (Numbers 2:10)
[84] OT (2) NT (4) BM (20) DC (2) JE (40)
[85] BM (1)
[86] BM (3)
[87] BM (1) JE (55)
[88] Stubbornness with pride BM (1) JE (1) JE: “joined with as strong an addictedness to vanity, pride, lying, stubbornness , revenge” “appeared exceeding vile in my own eyes, saw much pride and stubbornness in my heart”
[89] OT (1) BM (25) DC (3) JE (30)
[90] BM (1) JE (1) JE: “let us deny ourselves of all our lusts and fight valiantly and vigorously against our spiritual adversaries”
[91] BM (3)
[92] OT (1) BM (1) DC (1) JE (5) JE : « Christ was a mediator between the Jews and Gentiles to reconcile them together, breaking down the middle wall of partition”
[93] “wars and contentions” BM (23) JE (2) JE: “war to Cease between heaven and Earth which the Fall had also those wars and Contentions which were occasion'd”
[94] BM (1) JE (3) JE: “ as though he intended to deal unbecomingly by 'em in subjecting them to one of such a nature”
[95] BM (2) JE (2) JE: “ they are wholly unfit for a people possessed of civilization , knowledge and refinement. Besides, without their learning English, their learning to read will be in vain; for the Indians have not the Bible, nor any other book, in their own language.”
[96] BM (4) DC (1) JE (10) JE: “What better rule have we for our ecclesiastical regulations in other respects, than what was done in the primitive churches, under the apostles' own direction”
[97] OT (4) NT (1) BM (6) DC (5) JE (100)
[98] “prepare for war” BM (3)
[99] BM (18) JE (1) JE : (handwriting) we should have hundreds of times more spiders and flies by the seashore than anywhere else
[100] OT (2) BM (18) DC (5) JE (100+)
[101] “sufficiently strong” BM (7)
[102] OT (34) NT (1) BM (10) JE (4)
[103] OT (1) BM (20) DC (3) JE (60) JE (Brainerd) : « Visited the Indians again at Juniata island, and found them almost universally very busy in making preparations for a great sacrifice and dance”
[104] OT (8) NT (2) BM (35) JE (100s)
[105] “maintain and defend” BM (1)
[106] BM (3) DC (1) JE (5) JE: “agreeable to the prophecies of the Messiah's conquering the strong city, and bringing low the lofty city, conquering the devil and taking possession of the mightiest and strongest kingdoms of this world”
[107] OT (32) NT (1) BM (24) DC (3) JE (70)
[108] BM (4) PGP (1) JE (20) JE: “in heavenly places where he dwells in the midst of those numberless armies spoken of in the next verse.”
[109] O)T (4) BM (6) JE (30) OTP : « fortified the strong holds and put captains in them” “the fortified cities” JE: “for they are strongly fortified & Great”
[110] BM (1) DC (1) JE (40)
[111] « strong holds » OT (18) NT (1) « strongholds » BM (14) JE (4)
[112] OT (4) BM (3) JE (45)
[113] BM (3) JE (10)
[114] BM (6) JE (2) JE, quoting extracts from Lowman: “Attila, though soundly beat at Chalons in the year 451, so that 170,000, according to some, 300,000, fell in battle, yet the next year, he marches with another numerous army into Italy, and destroys all before him”
[115] OT (3) BM (19) JE (20)
[116] BM (2) JE (70) JE: “ if they have met with disappointment . they dwell “
[117] BM (2) JE (4) JE: “so our whole design probably have been defeated. For just after our soldiers had taken possession of this fort, the enemy, being on consideration aware of their fatal error in leaving of it, were coming out in great numbers in many boats to recover it, but were repulsed by a handful of our men.”
[118] BM (1)
[119] BM (1)
[120] BM (3) “advantage gained” JE () JE: “when they were very much beat out, and things looked dark, something new that was prosperous or promising would happen to encourage them, either some additional force would arrive, some men-of-war would be added to the fleet, or some new prizes would be taken, or some remarkable advantage gained against the enemy.” “2 Corinthians 12:10, "When I am weak, then am I strong." And though a people may seem really to become weak and may be brought under great disadvantage by a defeat in war, and the enemy [seem] to have gained great advantage , yet if a people repent and put away the accursed thing, and look to God for help, there is no reason to despair: God's power is sufficient for them.” “this march of Coriantumr through the center of the land gave Moronihah great advantage over them, notwithstanding the greatness of the number of the Nephites who were slain.” (Helaman 1:25)
[121] BM (4)
[122] Pitch tents OT (3) BM (17) JE (4)
[123] OT (4) NT (2) BM (3) JE (10) JE : « they were like the foxes that slyly stole over the fence, and caught the lambs”
[124] BM (6) JE (30) JE: “he was much overpowered by it; the devil took the advantage and drove him into despairing thoughts. He was kept very much awake a-nights, so that he had but very little sleep for two months”
[125] BM (1) JE (2) JE (Brainerd) : « In which journey he suffered much fatigue and hardship.” NOTE: “much fatigued” BM (1) JE (3) BM: being much fatigued, because of their journeying” (1 Nephi 16:19) JE: “Was very much fatigued with my journey, wherein I underwent great hardship “ “Rode through the wilderness; was much fatigued with the heat “
[126] OT (3) NT (1) BM (1) JE (4)
[127] “privily” OT (10) NT (5) BM (4) JE (10)
[128] OT (7) BM (3) JE (6)
[129] BM (1)
[130] OT (6) NT (2) BM (7) JE (7)
[131] NT (3) BM (1) JE (100)
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